Star Of The Sea By Joseph O Connor Essay - 1478 Words

In the book Star of the Sea, written by author Joseph O’Connor, he states â€Å"They had far more in common than either realised. One was born Catholic, the other Protestant. One was born Irish, the other British. But neither was the greatest difference between them. One was born rich and the other poor.† O’Connor summarises the idea of social class that has been a recurring idea since the dawn of time. Social classes is basically the division of society that is based on social and economic status. The people who were at the top of the social classes were thought to be the prestigious and most worthy people and the further you go down the chain the more common people you began to see. Many people demonstrate the social class system in literature. Shakespeare, especially, offers a challenge to what everyone thought they knew of the social class system. In today’s society the social classes are separated by four different social classes. The first being, the upper class which is only about 1 to 3 percent of the United States’ population, but all together they hold more that 25 percent of the nation’s worth. This class itself divides into two separate groups, the lower-upper and the upper-upper class. The lower-upper class is those who have ‘new money’, people who have acquired their wealth through business venture and investments and so forth. The upper-upper class is those who have ‘old money’, this includes the families that have been rich more many generations. These areShow MoreRelatedEssay on Star of the Sea, what kind of man is Lord Kingscourt2093 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Assignment 1 ‘Star of the Sea’ by Joseph o Connor is a text set during the Irish Potato Famine, in 1847. The Irish Potato famine of the 1840s was the greatest social catastrophe of 19th century Europe, yet inspired surprisingly little imaginative writing. (Eagleton, 2002) However this book has been described by the Sunday Times as having ‘compelling characters and a dizzying narrative’ (Heaney, 2007) This compelling story is set around a wealthy, turned bankrupt, land owner and his family whoRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesdimensions.† Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. To my family who have always encircled me with love and encouragement—my parents (Samuel and Charlotte), my wife (Mary), my sons and their wives (Kevin and Dawn, Robert and Sally) and their children (Ryan, Carly, Connor and Lauren). C.F.G. â€Å"We must not cease from exploration and the end of all exploring will be to arrive where we begin and to know the place for the first time.† T. S. Eliot To Ann whose love and support has brought out the best in me. And, toRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesState University Jane Crabtree, Benedictine University Suzanne Crampton, Grand Valley State University Douglas Crawford, Wilson College Michael Cruz, San Jose State University Robert Cyr, Northwestern University Evelyn Dadzie, Clark Atlanta University Joseph Daly, Appalachian State University Denise Daniels, Seattle Pacific University Marie Dasborough, Oklahoma State University Nancy Da Silva, San Jose State University Christine Day, Eastern Michigan University Emmeline de Pillis, University of Hawaii

Jefferson County School System Case Study Example

Essays on Jefferson County School System Case Study The paper "Jefferson County School System" is a great example of a case study on education. Initially, software development involved programmers' designings to facilitate a procedure/program or to solve a problem. This however changed when systems became so big and complex for an individual to develop and maintain them. Therefore, a team of specialists like programmers, architects, testers, analysts and users would work together to create and maintain a system. This new trend is what is referred to as the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and is what was adopted by the Jefferson County School. JCS abandoned its initial software in favor of SDLC to improve service delivery and also to reduce the cost of maintaining the system by cutting down on the number of system administrators/personnel.   Though SDLC was thought of as the Magnus opus of the institution, the system turned out to be the opposite. In fact, the only advantage it had over the traditional system was that it was a bit faster and could support and process more information. Aside from that, SDLC proved too complex for normal users. This is despite the fact that the workers had been given two-week training on the system prior to its use. It is worth noting that traditional systems were problem-oriented, that is, once a problem is discovered a program is created to solve the problem. However, this is not the case with SDLC. Traditional systems allowed users to be in control of the problem-solving process. SDLC, on the other hand, is designed to be in control as they reduce the role of users to keying in specific instructions while the main instructions are specified during the development of the system.For instance, JCS personnel complained that the new system controlled everything to the point that it even reje cted admitting students in classes with fewer students. Therefore, there were discrepancies in the number of students in each class, unlike in the previous system where everything was uniform. Due to its rigidity, the SDLC model poses a serious threat to a dynamic institution that constantly grows and changes. This is because remodeling, restructuring and recoding SDLC systems are hard and may take a long time, not putting into consideration the amount of money that would be used in the process. JCSS personnel was forced to adapt to this system due to the amount of money that the institution had put into the project.

Corporate Communication and Public Relation in Hospitality Industry

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Communication and Public Relation in Hospitality Industry. Answer: Introduction This report is focused on exploring the concept of communication ability and public relationship particularly in hospitality industry. Specifically, this study has been explaining the aspects of importance of effective corporate communication skills and public relationship in tour and travel industry. Articulation of information effectively and efficiently in tour and travel industry is a must, because it is the only way to facilitate tour and travel services to the foreigners and people from different backgrounds (Martin and Chaney, 2012). Moreover, public relationship is a vital aspect that enhances the quality of services and performance of tour and travel organisations though prominent communication skills. On the other hand, it is very important to consider two main elements that is required to offer effectual travel and tour services to the client that is first, valuable organisational culture and second, understanding of intercultural communication. Organisational culture solv es the standard and vision related aspect of the company and motivates employees to cater their duties and responsibility in the most efficient way (Martin and Chaney, 2012). Likewise intercommunication communication describes the nature, attitude and behavioural pattern of the clients which provides an experienced and professional service to the client. Thus, this report is mainly exposing the information and benefits of having a successful organisational culture as well as intercultural analysis. Background Communication is basic requirement of any business especially when it is related to the hospitality or service sector. It helps in planning, organising, motivating, directing and controlling of the business functions. It is the foundation of information which provides effective decision making ability associated with the business operations. It helps in building strong culture in the organisation which is necessary to benefit the stakeholders of the company special internal that is employees (Martin and Chaney, 2012). Communication also helps a company in measuring, finding faults and altering the choice of actions accordingly. Likewise interpublic relationship delivers best team work of employees and employer of the organisation. It also strengthens the internal environment and bond between staff and management that directly affects the productivity and performance of the organisation. Interpublic relation is profoundly responsible for the organisational culture that influences the employees and their working behaviour and delivery of services to the customers (Martin and Chaney, 2012). This report enables johns Outback Adventure tour to carry out efficient communication skill and public relationship training aspect to improve the services and performance of the organisation (Martin and Chaney, 2012). Furthermore, the company situated in Sydney, Australia mainly has a clientele of Chinese people as they have the highest numbers in visitors in Australia from past recent years. Company offers various activities as an adventure trip and tour services in Australia which also includes tour of the outback. Thus, the training and recommendations regarding the convalescent the performance and quality of the services offered by Johns Outback Adventure is emphasised on the two main elements of communication and public relationship which is intercultural and organisational culture (Martin and Chaney, 2012). The main reason behind the chosen two of the elements is that it covers all other aspects of communication and interpublic relationship management within itself. The necessity of effective organisational culture caters a company various advantages such as increase in productivity, augmentation in employees loyalty, minimising the conflicts between employees and employer, it also strengthens the relationship and value of staff and management for each other (Alvesson, 2012). Furthermore, it helps in inspiring and encouraging the employees to implement new ideas and creative ways to finish a task that provides better performance in return plus it assists the management to delegate the work easily by setting goal and objectives clearly to the employees. Foremost, it accumulates equality and fair workplace environment between staff members (Alvesson, 2012). Therefore, lastly, accelerates effective communication articulation in work environment of the organisation. Along with this, today every business is providing their services worldwide especially tour and travel industry where foreign services are very essential for its growth and development. Every globalised service has a main element related to cultural exchange which cannot be ignored (Martin and Chaney, 2012). Communicating with other people with distinct background is difficult and could be failed if proper knowledge and information of their culture has not been taken. Thus, cultural differences can be minimised with the proper training and focused cultural program to deal with the different customers with dissimilar backgrounds (Martin and Chaney, 2012). In this case, company deals with majority of Chinese clients who are from different background and has various other attitude and etiquettes on corporate communication and business management. Thus, there expectation from the company as a tour service provider is also different and unlike Australian culture (Alvesson, 2012). Intercultural communication analysis pertaining to Chinese people Every business has some pivotal and special clients which Chinese people are mostly travel in the groups and with family and their perception for distinct experiences and adventurous outbacks are very different from other country citizens (Martin and Chaney, 2012). Thus, their behaviour, attitude and values are very different and should be acknowledged before offering them services. In this case, Chinese people are the key clients of the tour company. For this reason, Chinese culture and background knowledge is very essential for the employees who directly deal with them (Huang, 2011). Australian landscapes are plan and natural that provides great experience of road travels and famous as driving destination and offers various adventurous facilities like scuba diving, sky diving, jet boating, surfing, bungee jumping, camping, Wing suit flying, cave diving and hiking in the pleasant, diverse and natural beautiful places (Australia, 2017). This flexibility entices Chinese travellers to travel the country more often. People in adventurous travels are the independent Chinese travellers who enjoys adventurous and unlike experiences in Australia. Chinese people use heavy technological gazettes when they travel alone or in groups while travelling along with this they communicate with their group and community on a daily basis while travelling (Commisceo Global, 2017). Chinese people like to travel blogs with detailed information and try to make comprehensive understanding of travel sites and adventures. Thus, it can be depicted that they are prone to use online all the time and gives their massive time and money in internet interactions. Hence, providing high speed internet through Wi-Fi or local network is one of the most important aspects which have to be met when dealing with Chinese people (Hotel.com, 2015). Basically Chinese travellers that enjoy adventurous trips are from middle age group and young middle class which travel independently. They travel with their close relatives and family togeth er or their self organised group of same community. Through researches this has been explored that they travel for mid-longer period of time as around 20 days n so. Chinese people prefer rented campervans, motor homes from travel agents to roam around the Australian travel destinations as an adventure trip. Moreover, they prefer to be insured while travelling (Hotel.com, 2015). In addition to this, Chinese prefer quality and luxurious facilities such as caravan parks and other high standard facilities in their trip. Apart from this, Chinese people believes in lucky and unlucky numbers plus colours also symbolise that can bring bad luck and good luck. They are specific about certain animals and flowers characteristics that decide their choices and preferences. As an example they prefer same colour combination of containers with flower in the hotel room. The flower should be bloomed and attached with a budding flower (Hotel.com, 2015). The most preferred and understandable language by Chinese is Mandarin language that covers majority of Chinese tourists. Number 8 is considered as a prosperity number, whereas 4 number is denoted as bad luck. Similarly, red, yellow and orange colour is the indication and celebration and joy. On the other hand, white is used as a mourning or death symbol. Affluent Chinese travellers fascinates for grate and luxurious services (Hotel.com, 2015). They use humble and gentle worlds and prefer to be active and attentive services with good etiquettes and behaviour. They ha ve addiction of hot tea as a daily routine and want cattle in there room services as mandatory facility. Apart from this, slippers in every room with breakfast menu and entertainment or recreational TV stations videos in Chinese language plus any newspaper or magazine in Chinese language is also necessary as good hospitality to them (Hotel.com, 2015). They never travel with their toothbrush and toothpaste and demand from hotel as basic facility. They always give full attention o cleanliness and hygiene anywhere they travel. Golden week also known as October first week is best time, Chinese tourists travel around the world (Hotel.com, 2015). Chinese travellers buy expensive and branded stuffs wherever they go (Commisceo Global, 2017). They have special attachment with souvenirs to gift their close friends and family. Besides this, communication differences in the culture of Chinese and Australia is also wide. Chinese people are very punctual and give importance to time management. Appointments are necessary for the Chinese traveller and they book in advance for any trip and pay full attention to their itinerary. They have patience in their behaviour and keep great consideration to reviews and slow at negotiation pace (Commisceo Global, 2017). They tend to choose the best service according to their requirement and ratings and rank. They never ask direct question as they use intermediaries and gentle language. They are bit conservative in terms of cloths and information sharing (Commisceo Global, 2017). Ch inese travellers give high inclination to business cards. Developing an effective Organizational "Culture" Organisational culture is a vital aspect of hospitality industry because of direct interaction of staff members with the customer. To ensure the best quality of service it is mandatory for the service provider to emphasis on the valuable and efficient organisational culture which is rich in effective communication system and flexible interpublic relationship with the employees. It is a committed effort by the staff and management to provide best and quality service to the customers. The organisational culture of a company focuses on the delivery of quality service to the customers by reducing problems, hassles and deficiencies. The long term survival of the company is ensured on the organisational culture of the company. Organisational culture facilitates in attaining the long term goals and objectives of the company. It stimulates policies and standards of the company entailing the vision and mission to cater quality service to the customers (Hanania, 2012). Organisation culture hel ps in creating positive environment for the stakeholders and makes the company more reliable and credible towards its internal stakeholders. It makes the appealing environment for the customers as well as vendors and suppliers to deal and negotiate business. In this context, travel and tour agencies or organisations also needs effective and affective organisational culture to endow their quality services (Hanania, 2012). The organisational culture in the travelling agency is associated with the behaviour of management towards employees and employees with their customers. It is not a one day process but it initiates with the practices and standards set by the management. The customers should be treated as priority basis and their problems or enquiries should be considered as a prime obligation (Hanania, 2012). The culture difference and treatment of the customers should also be predefined by the members. The roles and responsibility of the employees should also be already explained to their respective staff member so that the confusion and problem of communication cannot be arising. In addition to this, the communication system of the organisation should be clear and sound which will also help the ultimate customer in acknowledging the in formation (Hanania, 2012). The operators and business dealers should know about the business etiquettes and attitude of different backgrounds of customers. As tour and travel organisations are meant to deal with local as well as international customers, the code of conducts and business communication system should be predefined by the staff members. Not only the front desk services should be provided as quality performance but also internally management should share same values and morality (Alvesson, 2012). The flexibility in the communication between the management and employees should be considered as key to solve queries and improving the customers services. Along with this, the employees benefits are considered coordinal so that internal satisfaction enhance the productivity and performance of staff members. Additionally, the motivational approaches and strategies should be implemented in order to inspire and boost the employees loyalty towards the company. Motivational techniques should also be use as a change in the policies and standards in case of improving the internal environment of the company. Furthermore, leadership skills are also use to influence the direction and vision of employees in achieving the aim of the company (Alvesson, 2012). It has also been observed that successful organisational culture helps the ma nagement in negotiating skills with the customers as well as its employees. It creates a favourable environment for the organisation that incorporates cultural difference and marketing of the organisation in prominent way. Organisational culture assists the company in collaboration and corporation with the employees and customers. As well as it aids the team enthusiasm in the workforce to achieve the same goal and objective (Schein, 2016). It also encourages time orientation in the management and influences the way of thinking optimistically. Conclusion In the above discussion, it can be concluded that an organisation with a hospitality background, communication and interpublic relationship aspects are very important. Communication is the most influential tool that can fail and provide success to the organisations. Services are improved with the certain changes in the communication system and public relationship to develop and growth of the company. Along with this, this report provides wide comprehension of the two aspects of travel and tour organisation to change the business operation. The improvement in the organisation can be made with the help of acknowledging the concept of intercultural communication where the agency deals with majority of the Chinese tourist. It includes their behaviour, beliefs and attitude that should be considered as a standard to deal with them. Additionally, effective organisational culture is a predominant element that provides motivation to the employees. The organisational culture is responsible for the quality of the services and productivity with increased performance of the staff that directly influences the customers service. Similarly, it helps in betterment of the relationship of employees and employees and ensures employees loyalty to the company. Thus, with this study it can be illustrated that role of communication bestows the enhancement in the quality of the services given by the tour and travel organisation. Nonetheless, this acknowledgement of information regarding intercultural communication aspects for Chinese people and building strong organisation cultural facilitates growth and success to the company. The company will be able to handle its operation more efficiently and effectively. Recommendation The above mentioned information is being used to develop a system that will help the company in maintaining its relationship with employee as well as customers of the company (Martin and Chaney, 2012). Tourist of Chinese background and culture are particularly kept in mind to ensure best quality services to them. For facilitating a secure and safe environment to the employees that will increase its productivity and performance is also described in this report. For the purpose of effectual and betterment of the systematic incorporation of communication and public relationship some of the recommendation are given below: The Chinese culture is a different type of other culture hence staff should be hired on the basis of familiarity with their Chinese culture. Along with this, the focus and mission of the organisation should be set clear with the employees so that their services will be directed in the same direction (Martin and Chaney, 2012). Moreover, need of the customer should be given as priority to increase responsive behaviour in the staff. Furthermore teamwork with the help of training and programmes are being enhanced. The knowledge about respective cultures and background of the customers should be cognized by the staff members. An environment which listens to their employees suggestion should be made to bring creativity and ideas in the strategy incorporation (Schein, 2016). Besides that, attending guest by the experts and experienced staff will high rank the agency (Schein, 2016). The response of the staff to the customer should be based on mirror technique that embroils dealing situation according to the behaviour of the customers. The services of the company should also be enhances with the integration of effective and advanced information technology to understand and offer services fast and reliable. This also enhances the clarity and credibility of the operation and helps in enhancing the communication more accurately (Schein, 2016). The motivational and leadership strategy should also implied by the organisation to boost the morale of the employees. At the same time, employees and employer relation should be maintained appropriately. References Alvesson, M. 2012. Understanding Organizational Culture. 2nd ed. Sage. Australia. 2017. Explore Australia. [Online] Available At: https://www.australia.com/en-in [Accessed on: 04 May 2017]. Commisceo Global. 2017. China Guide. [Online] Available At: https://www.commisceo-global.com/country-guides/china-guide [Accessed on: 04 May 2017]. Hanania, R. 2012. PoweR PR: Ethnic Activists Guide to Strategic Communications. Lulu.com. Hotel.com. 2015. Chinese International Travel Monitor 2015- Overview. [Online] Available At: https://www.citm2015.com/overview/ [Accessed on: 04 May 2017]. Huang, Y. 2011. Chinese Tour Guides Strategies in Intercultural CommunicationImplications for Language Teaching and Tourism Education. Journal of Language Teaching and Research 2(1), pp. 146-150. Martin, J. S., and Chaney, L. H. 2012. Global Business Etiquette: A Guide to International Communication and Customs. 2nd ed. ABC-CLIO. Mohanty, A. 2015. Effective Team Building, Organisational Culture and Organisational Climate in Service Sector. International journal of English language, literature and humanities 3(7), pp. 499-516. Schein, E. H. 2016. Organizational Culture and Leadership. John Wiley Sons.

Tesco Supermarket Management

Executive Summary This paper evaluates how elements such globalization, organizational culture and structure, leadership, change management, decision making processes, communication strategies and motivational methods affects Tesco plc in organizational and people management. These are important elements in ensuring the success of any organization.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Tesco Supermarket Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The discussion has revealed how globalization caused the corporation to expand its tendrils to other emerging markets. Tesco has been involved in acquisitions and takeover bids to maintain its competitive advantage. In organizational culture, it has been revealed that Tesco has a strong commitment to its customers to deliver quality products and high quality standards of services. The paper has also discussed how the corporation switched from a functional to a divisional orga nizational structure to enable it effectively manage its global operations and the massive number of employees. The ever changing global economic environment forced the corporation to adopt an organizational structure that could foster cost-effectiveness, organizational efficiency and employee commitment. The corporation’s leadership style is about influencing individuals to achieve more for the company rather than sorely relying on the leader to make achievements for the company. These and many other issues are discussed in the paper. Introduction Ever since Tesco plc was founded by Jack Cohen in 1919, it has been able to sustain its growth to become a globally recognized grocery and general merchandising retail chain. During its formative years, Tesco specialized in serving the UK market mainly in food and drink. Over the years, the corporation has increasingly diversified its product lines to include clothing, food products, consumer electronics, telecommunications, music download services, financial, flower delivery, legal, online diets, software, and car insurance services (Datamonitor, 2004 p.12). It is the purpose of this paper to critically evaluate how globalization, organizational culture and structure, leadership, change management, decision making processes, communication strategies and motivational methods influence the retail chain in people management.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Globalization and its Effects Globalization is the name given to the various processes that aims at enhancing the connectivity and interdependence of the global markets and businesses (InvestorWords.com, 2009 para. 1). The forces of globalization have enabled Tesco to transform its operations from a local business entity into a global business organization. The effects of globalization have seen Tesco diversify in both geographical locations and prod uct range (Hutchings, 2005, p. 349). The corporation’s geographical expansion started in 1995, when the corporation commissioned a retail store in Hungary. To maintain its competitive advantage in international markets, the retail chain opened other outlets in Ireland, the Czech Republic, Kingdom of Thailand, Taiwan and the Republic of South Korea in the 1990’s (Datamonitor, 2004 p. 5). Due to globalization, the corporation had to expand its tendrils to reach other emerging markets inline with the global trends. This entailed using a lot of investments to expand internationally since little potential for further expansion existed in the already saturated British market. Tesco has been involved in acquisitions and takeover bids to maintain its competitive advantage. In essence, the corporation enters emerging markets by acquiring performing retail chains. In 1994, Tesco acquired both Global TH and WM Low and Co. In 2004, the corporation concluded its acquisition of the 40-plus Adminstore group (Tesco Merger, 2004, para. 2). This acquisition enhanced the dominance of the corporation in the UK retail market. The corporation has been affected by issues dealing with government policy especially in its international destinations. Issues dealing with tax regimes, labour laws and work policies have always challenged Tesco’s quest to conquer international markets. However, Tesco have relied on stringent management practices to boost its performance internationally. The 2004 financial statistics on Tesco revealed that it was a market leader in six of the twelve countries it had invested in (Datamonitor, 2004, p. 15).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Tesco Supermarket Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Organizational Culture and Structure Price (2007 p. 101) argued that a well formulated organizational culture coupled with effective organizational structure should be vie wed as reference points for people management. Tesco plc has contracted over 440,000 employees in over 3,700 retail stores around the world (English, 2009 p.1). In this perspective, Tesco must have a resilient organizational culture and a flexible structure to effectively demonstrate their core business interests in countries exhibiting a multiplicity of diverse cultural orientations, business etiquettes, leadership styles and techniques of conducting business. Organizational culture details how work is perfumed in the business entity, and lays the groundwork for acceptable and non-acceptable behaviours and actions (Cranwell-Ward et al, 2002 p. 365). At Tesco, the management has realized that workers are more likely to achieve happiness if the core values and beliefs of the corporation are aligned with their own. According to Tesco’s CEO Sir Terry Leahy, the corporation’s future success will be dependent on its own values. Presently, the corporation’s organizati onal culture has enabled it to achieve success in areas where other supermarkets have failed. Tesco shares a strong commitment to its customers to deliver quality products and high quality standards of service (Williamson, 2000, para. 10). Its vision of excellence has enabled the organization to achieve success in many areas. The corporation’s staff members exhibit positive attitudes towards the customers in addition to showing high standards of professionalism, respect, self-regulation, pride, continued improvement, openness, team spirit and partnership. Tesco employs a flexible style of working to permit for additional trading hours. However, staff members are always left with the leeway of deciding the times they would like to work. These fundamental values are critical to the success of Tesco. The illustration below shows how organizational goals, leadership abilities and organizational culture are aligned to achieve success. Figure 1: alignment framework of goals, leader ship attributes and organizational cultureAdvertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Organizational structure is used to describe how individuals and tasks are arranged within a business entity in order to help the organization in meeting its fundamental objectives (Hofstede Hofstede, 2005 p. 252). According to Industry experts, Tesco supermarket practise a strategic business unit (SBU) model of organizational structure in order to enhance the level of competitiveness within individual market areas and across geographic regions (Hutchings, 2005 p. 354). The retail chain utilizes a four-part growth strategy, namely the core UK business, international services, non-food services and retailing services (Tesco, 2009). These growth strategies can be perceived as people management systems (Price, 2007 p. 64). During its formative years, Tesco utilized the functional organizational structure (Wentling, 2004 p. 172). Its stores in the UK were divided into comparatively simple components since it had not undertaken comprehensive diversification of both products and geograp hical locations (Hutchings, 2005 p. 351). In terms of people management, this structure is advantageous since employees can clearly understand the corporation’s operations, command structures, and tasks and responsibilities. The corporation switched to a divisional organizational structure to enable it effectively manage its global operations and the massive number of employees. Under the divisional organizational structure, various departments and stores are divided into self-contained components, able to respond to environmental stimuli on their own (Prince, 2007, p. 188). The ever changing global economic environment forced the corporation to adopt an organizational structure that could foster cost-effectiveness, organizational efficiency and employee commitment (Prince, 2007, p. 184). The divisional organizational structure has greatly assisted the corporation in managing the human resources under its disposal in addition to managing its market entry and product offerings to fit individual market segments in diverse countries (Hutchings, 2005 p. 353). In terms of people management, the divisional structure has enabled Tesco’s employees to achieve team spirit, and has enabled the customers to easily identify with the organization’s products and services based on the geographical area of operation (Prince, 2007 p. 188). Also, this arrangement gives managers the opportunity to develop broad skills needed to drive the organization’s agenda forward. Indeed, the retail chain has successfully used the divisional structure to coordinate and reconcile its operations, decisions, and strategies, both at the corporate level and the business unit level (Prince, 2007 p. 188). Through divisional structure, Tesco has successfully ventured into international markets by making adaptations to the local culture rather than attempting to impose their products and services to the local populations. Leadership Tesco has employed a combination of good leadership, effective management, and a lean business model in its quest to rise above its competitors especially in the UK market (Bono Heller, 2006 para 1). Tesco’s leadership ethos is reflected in the corporation’s organizational culture. In a 2007 interview, Tesco’s CEO Sir Terry Leahy argued that leadership should be about influencing individuals to achieve more for the company rather than sorely relying on the leader to make achievements for the company (Benjamin, 2007 para. 9). According to the CEO, leadership should be about motivating and influencing employees, and challenging them to achieve more for their own objectives as well as for the objectives held by the organization. By any standards, the above leadership style can be termed as transformational. In leadership theories, transformational leaders inspire their followers to rise above their own self interest for the purpose of accomplishing the objectives set by the organization (Tejeda et al, 20 01, p. 41). As of February 2009, Tesco had over 400,000 employees working in over 3,500 stores globally. To manage such a huge number of employees, leaders must have the capacity to instil a profound and long-lasting effect on the subordinates. Leaders must also have the capacity to deal with old challenges in new ways. To deal with such a huge multitude of employees, leaders must be charismatic, and must be able to provide vision and instil a sense of pride on the subordinates. Consecutive studies have revealed that transformational leadership is correlated to organizational success (Tejeda et al, 2001, p. 43). The leadership style used in Tesco can be used to demonstrate why the corporation have continued to grow even in the face of economic challenges. Leaders such as the CEO and other departmental leaders using situational leadership have been able to communicate high expectations to the employees, not mentioning the fact that they have been at the forefront in offering individu alized attention and promoting rational thinking among employees. These are some of the basic tenets of transformational leadership. Change Management Organizations must increasingly adapt to the forces of change if they are to survive the harsh business environment of the 21st Century. Innovation and creativity are two components that have enabled Tesco to negotiate the changes occasioned by both internal and external environment. Many supermarkets have made mistakes by not recognizing their trading environments. However, Tesco has developed innovative strategies that enable the corporation to account for its customer’s buying habits that change with seasons. Some branches are known to hold a sequence of Customer Question Times, where customers are invited to ask questions (Williamson, 2000 para. 6). Such innovative undertakings enable the retail chain to learn about new environments, trading and business practices, customer buying practices, and the perceptions and values h eld by the customers regarding the corporation. Such an arrangement enables Tesco to be proactive in dealing with the factors that leads to change. Decision Making Processes Different types of decision making processes are needed for diverse situations. At Tesco, the customer is placed at the heart of any decision-making process. According to Drive (2004 p. 7), all decisions made by Tesco’s management are supposed to be rational, accountable and transparent. Although major decisions are expected to come from the top managements, store managers always involve the workers in decision making. Brief meetings are convened to offer the workers an opportunity to give their inputs and share their challenges and problems with the management. The collaborative decision making not only ensures that the corporation remains ahead in its quest to conquer the retail markets but it also offers the much needed motivation to the employees. However, the decision on whether to implement the sugg estions made by the employees rests sorely on the managers (Cranwell-Ward et al, 2002, p. 146). Communication, Negotiation, Conflict Resolution, and Motivational Methods Tesco Plc has always recognized that open communication channels and open door policy are fundamental to its success. The management has also recognized that well-motivated employees are vital for the sustained success of the organization (Cranwell-Ward et al, 2002, p. 146). Tesco started a review of work methods in the 1990’s to with the challenges of an increasing variety of products and services. The review, also known as FUTURE program aimed at opening the channels of communication for effective management of workers. In addition, the program was aimed at freeing the employees so that they could achieve more for the organization. At Tesco, every worker has been given the opportunity to identify and voice the challenges faced, including suggesting solutions in an open and structured manner. This serves to motivate employees to achieve more for the company while working in an environment where the freedom of communication is guaranteed and respected. Through the FUTURE program, workers are offered the opportunity to negotiate for the tasks and duties done on behalf of the organization and how such duties could be streamlined, improved or stopped if they have no value addition. Again, this kind of freedom and responsibility serves to heighten motivation levels on the part of employees. According to Cranwell-Ward et al (2002), â€Å"the consultation and involvement process, combined with additional communication results in a release of energy and enthusiasm in staff as they become aware that their views are appreciated and ideas actioned† (p. 146). The management also uses feedback and regular communication to enhance elevated states of motivation and productivity. At Tesco, routine and tools that enhance more face-to-face communication on individualized basis enhances motivation on the part of employees even in times of intense organizational change. Team meetings are also used by the management to brief and consult employees on a variety of issues relevant to them. These open communication channels ensures that conflicts are solved through amicable ways and employee-management relations remains cordial. Consequently, employees are able to attain high motivational levels to propel the corporation into new heights in terms of performance. SWOT Analysis In strengths, Tesco is the leading British retailer based on the local market share and global sales. In addition, the corporation ranks among the three largest worldwide retailers based on both revenue and profits (Tesco, 2009). The corporation’s multi-format capacity will ensure its continued growth in both food and non-food market shares. Tesco’s diversification into non-food items such as insurance, internet and banking services have only served to increase the corporation’s financial clout. Tesco.com is the leading online supermarket globally. What’s more, the corporation have been able to build a formidable brand image that is associated with quality customer shopping experience, trustworthy goods and products, and excellent value for money. In weaknesses, Tesco has often been accused of overly relying on the UK market. The corporation has a lot of opportunities especially in the non-food retail sector. According to industry experts, the corporation can continue to use its low cost structure coupled with improved merchandizing expertise to make significant inroads into the non-food market share, especially in electronics, internet and entertainment. Tesco’s threats arise from the external operating environment, stiff competition from peer supermarkets, economic crises and mergers of supermarkets especially in the UK. Conclusion According to the discussion above, it is evident that Tesco will achieve monumental growth in the coming years since it has successfully fended of the 2008 economic crises despite undertaking aggressive expansion programmes (English, 2009 p.1). While the corporation’s financial clout and customer base looks stable for now, immense opportunities for growth exists in the future due to the way its organizational culture, structure, decision making processes and leadership has helped the supermarket to manage people – both employees and customers. Tesco’s management of the above elements have inarguably enabled it to foster cost-effectiveness, organizational efficiency and employee commitment. Consequently, Tesco is headed for better times in the future due its effective strategies in both organizational and people management. List of References Benjamin, T. (2007, March 19) Transcript: Terry Leahy, CEO of Tesco. CNN.com. Retrieved from http://edition.cnn.com/2006/BUSINESS/09/13/boardroom.leahy/index.html [31 October 2009] Bono, E., Heller, R. (2006) Tesco Management. Retrieved from http://www.thinkingmanagers.com/companies/tesco.php [31 October 2009] Cranwell-Ward, J., Bacon, A., Mackie, R. (2002) Inspiring Leadership: Staying Afloat in  Turbulent Times. Cengage Learning EMEA Datamonitor. (2004) Tesco Plc. Retrieved from http://people.exeter.ac.uk/wl203/BEAM011/Materials/Lecture%204/TESCO%20Company%20Profile.pdf [28 October 2009] English, S. (2009, October 6) Tesco Keeps its Crown as Results Beat City Forecasts. The  Ã‚  Evening Standard. Retrieved from http://www.allbusiness.com/economy-economic-indicators/economic-conditions-recession/13160802-1.html [28 October 2009] Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G.J. (2005) Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, 2nd Ed. London: McGraw-Hill. Hutchings, I. (2005) Tesco in the Czech Republic. In M. Terterov J. Reuvid (Eds) Doing  Business with the Czech Republic. GMB Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 9781905050550 InvestorWords.com. (2009) Globalization. Retrieved from http://www.investorwords.com/2182/globalization.html [ 31 October 2009] Price, A. (2007) Human Resource Management in a Business Context, 3rd Ed. Cengage Learning Business Press. ISBN: 9781844805488 Tejeda, M. J., Scandura, T. A., Pillai, R. (2001) Transformational leadership. The  Leadership Quarterly, 12, 31-52. Tesco plc (2009) Welcome to Tesco Plc. Retrieved from http://www.tescocorporate.com/ [28 October 2009 Tesco Merger approval Criticized. (2004) Retrieved from http://www.foodanddrinkeurope.com/Retail/Tesco-merger-approval-criticised [31 October 2009] Wentling, R.M. (2004) Factors that assist and Barriers that Hinder the Success of Diversity Initiatives in Multinational Corporations. Human Resource Development International, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 165-180 Williamson, V.A. (2000) Business in times of Change. The Irish Times. Retrieved from http://www.business2000.ie/pdf/pdf_3/tesco_3rd_ed.pdf [31 October, 2009] This report on Tesco Supermarket Management was written and submitted by user GorillaMan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Life of Gertrude Bell, English Explorer in Iraq

The Life of Gertrude Bell, English Explorer in Iraq Gertrude Bell (July 14, 1868 – July 12, 1926) was a British writer, politician, and archaeologist whose knowledge and travels in the Middle East made her a valuable and influential person in British administration of the region. Unlike many of her countrymen, she was regarded with considerable respect by the locals in Iraq, Jordan, and other countries. Fast Facts: Gertrude Bell Full Name: Gertrude Margaret Lowthian BellKnown For: Archaeologist and historian who gained significant knowledge of the Middle East and helped shape the region post-World War I. She was particularly influential in the creation of the state of Iraq.Born: July 14, 1868 in Washington New Hall,  County Durham, EnglandDied: July 12, 1926 in Baghdad, IraqParents: Sir Hugh Bell and Mary BellHonors: Order of the British Empire; namesake of the mountain Gertrudspitze and the wild bee genus  Belliturgula Early Life Gertrude Bell was born in Washington, England, in the northeastern county of Durham. Her father was Sir Hugh Bell, a baronet who was a sheriff and a justice of the peace before joining the family manufacturing firm, Bell Brothers, and gaining a reputation for being a progressive and caring boss. Her mother, Mary Shield Bell, died giving birth to a son, Maurice, when Bell was only three years old. Sir Hugh remarried four years later to Florence Olliffe. Bell’s family was wealthy and influential; her grandfather was ironmaster and politician Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell. A playwright and children’s author, her stepmother was a major influence on Bells early life. She taught Bell etiquette and decorum, but also encouraged her intellectual curiosity and social responsibility. Bell was well-educated, first attending Queen’s College, then Lady Margaret Hall at Oxford University. Despite the limitations placed on female students, Bell graduated with first-class honors in just two years, becoming one of the first two Oxford women to achieve those honors with a modern history degree (the other was her classmate Alice Greenwood). World Travels After completing her degree, in 1892, Bell began her travels, first heading to Persia to visit her uncle, Sir Frank Lascelles, who was a minister at the embassy there. Only two years later, she published her first book, Persian Pictures, describing these travels. For Bell, this was only the beginning of over a decade of extensive travel. Bell quickly became a bonafide adventurer, going mountaineering in Switzerland and developing fluency in several languages, including French, German, Persian, and Arabic (plus proficiency in Italian and Turkish). She developed a passion for archaeology and continued her interest in modern history and peoples. In 1899, she returned to the Middle East, visiting Palestine and Syria and stopping in the historic cities of Jerusalem and Damascus. In the course of her travels, she began to become acquainted with the people living in the region. In addition to simply traveling, Bell continued some of her more daring expeditions. She climbed Mont Blanc, the highest peak in the Alps, and even had one peak, the Gertrudspitze, named after her in 1901. She also spent considerable time in the Arabian Peninsula over the course of more than a decade. King of Saudi Arabia, Ibn Saud, meets with British diplomat Sir Percy Cox and political advisor Gertrude Bell in Basra, Mesopotamia. The LIFE Picture Collection / Getty Images Bell never married or had any children, and only had a few known romantic attachments. After meeting the administrator Sir Frank Swettenham on a visit to Singapore, she kept up a correspondence with him, despite their 18-year age gap. They had a brief affair in 1904 after his return to England. More significantly, she exchanged passionate love letters from 1913 until 1915 with Lieutenant Colonel Charles Doughty-Wylie, an army officer who was already married. Their affair remained unconsummated, and after his death in action in 1915, she had no other known romances. Archaeologist in the Middle East In 1907, Bell began working with archaeologist and scholar Sir William M. Ramsay. They worked on excavations in modern-day Turkey, as well as the discovery of a field of ancient ruins in the north of Syria. Two years later, she shifted her focus to Mesopotamia, visiting and studying the ruins of ancient cities. In 1913, she became only the second foreign woman to journey to Ha’li, a notoriously unstable and dangerous city in Saudi Arabia. When World War I broke out, Bell tried to obtain a posting in the Middle East but was denied; instead, she volunteered with the Red Cross. However, British intelligence was soon in need of her expertise in the region to get soldiers through the desert. During her expeditions, she forged close relationships with locals and tribe leaders. Starting from there, Bell gained remarkable influence in shaping British policy in the area. Bell became the sole female political officer in the British forces and was sent to areas where her expertise was needed. During this time, she also witnessed the horrors of the Armenian genocide and wrote about it in her reports of the time. The delegates of the Mespot Commission at the Cairo Conference. The group was set up by Colonial Secretary Winston Churchill to discuss the future of Arab nations. Gertrude Bell on the left, second row. Corbis Historical / Getty Images Political Career After British forces captured Baghdad in 1917, Bell was given the title of Oriental Secretary and ordered to assist in the restructuring of the area that had previously been the Ottoman Empire. In particular, her focus was the new creation of Iraq. In her report, â€Å"Self Determination in Mesopotamia,† she laid out her ideas about how the new leadership should work, based on her experience in the region and with its people. Unfortunately, the British commissioner, Arnold Wilson, believed that the Arab government needed to be overseen by British officials who would hold the final power, and many of Bell’s recommendations were not implemented. Bell continued on as Oriental Secretary, which in practice meant liaising between the various different factions and interests. At the Cairo Conference of 1921, she was critical in discussions on Iraqi leadership. She advocated for Faisal bin Hussein to be named the first King of Iraq, and when he was installed in the post, she advised him on a wide variety of political matters and supervised the selection of his cabinet and other positions. She gained the moniker al-Khatun among the Arab population, signifying a â€Å"Lady of the Court† who observes to serve the state. Bell also participated in the drawing of borders in the Middle East; her reports from that time proved to be prescient, as she remarked on the likelihood that none of the possible borders and divisions would satisfy all factions and keep long-term peace. Her close relationship with King Faisal also resulted in the founding of the Iraqi Archaeological Museum and an Iraq base of the British School of Archaeology. Bell personally brought artifacts from her own collection and supervised excavations as well. Over the next few years, she remained a key part of the new Iraqi administration. Death and Legacy Bell’s workload, combined with the desert heat and a slew of illnesses, took its toll on her health. She suffered from recurrent bronchitis and began losing weight rapidly. In 1925, she returned to England only to face a new set of problems. Her family’s wealth, made mostly in industry, was in rapid decline, thanks to the combined effects of industrial worker strikes and economic depression across Europe. She became ill with pleurisy and, almost immediately after, her brother Hugh died of typhoid fever. On the morning of July 12, 1926, her maid discovered her dead, apparently of an overdose of sleeping pills. It was unclear if the overdose was accidental or not. She was buried at the British cemetery in the Bab al-Sharji district in Baghdad. In the tributes following her death, she was praised for both her achievements and her personality by her British colleagues, and she was posthumously awarded the Order of the British Empire. Among the Arabic communities she worked with, it was noted that â€Å"she was one of the few representatives of His Majestys Government remembered by the Arabs with anything resembling affection.† Sources Adams, Amanda. Ladies of the Field: Early Women Archaeologists and Their Search for Adventure. Greystone Books Ltd, 2010.Howell, Georgina. Gertrude Bell: Queen of the Desert, Shaper of Nations. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006.Meyer, Karl E.; Brysac, Shareen B. Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East. New York: W.W. Norton Co., 2008.

Typical Course of Study for 12th Grade

Typical Course of Study for 12th Grade In their last year of high school, most students are wrapping up required courses, shoring up any weak areas, and using electives to explore potential career options.   College-bound seniors may need guidance  in selecting the best courses to support their secondary-education plans. Some students may be planning a gap year to allow themselves time to figure out their next steps while others may be going directly into the workforce. Because 12th-graders plans can vary so widely, its essential to help them customize their coursework for their final high school credits.   Language Arts Many colleges expect a student to complete four years of high school language arts. A typical course of study for 12th grade includes literature, composition, grammar, and vocabulary. If a student has not completed British, American, or World Literature, senior year is the time to do so. A focused study of Shakespeare is another option, or students may choose from other books recommended for high school seniors. It is common for students to spend a semester each researching, planning and writing two in-depth  research papers. Students should learn how to complete a cover page, cite sources, and include a bibliography.   It is also wise to use the time when theyre writing their research papers to ensure that students have a strong working knowledge of standard computer software and programs used to format and print their document. This may include word processing, spreadsheet, and publishing software. Students also need to continue writing a variety of essay styles across the curriculum on a wide range of topics. Grammar should be incorporated in this process, ensuring that students understand the difference between formal and informal writing, when to use each, and how to use correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation in all types of writing. Math By 12th grade, most students have completed Algebra I, Algebra II, and geometry. If they have not, they should use their senior year to do so.   A typical course of study for 12th-grade math includes  a solid understanding of algebra, calculus, and statistics concepts. Students may take classes such as pre-calculus, calculus, trigonometry, statistics, accounting, business math, or consumer math. Science Most colleges expect to see only 3 years of science credit, therefore a fourth year of science is not required for graduation in most cases, nor is there a typical course of study for the subject. Students who have not already completed 3 years of science should work on completion during their senior year. Students who are going into a science-related field may wish to take an additional science course. Options for 12th-grade science include physics, anatomy, physiology, advanced courses (biology, chemistry, physics), zoology, botany, geology, or any dual-enrollment college science course.   Students may also wish to pursue purely interest-led courses in the science field, such as equine studies, nutrition, forensics, or horticulture. Social Studies As with science, most colleges expect to see only 3 years of social studies credit, so there is no standard course of study for 12th-grade social studies. Students may be interested in elective courses that fall under the category of social studies such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, geography, world religions, or theology. If they have not previously studied them, the following topics are good options for 12th grade: principles of U.S. government; primary documents of the U.S.; United States agriculture; urbanization; conservation; business and industry in the U.S.; propaganda and public opinion; comparative governments; comparative economic systems; consumer education; economics; and taxation and finance. Students may also wish to study topics such as international relations and organizations and  American foreign policy or take a dual-enrollment college course. Electives Most colleges expect to see at least 6 elective credits. College-bound students should consider courses such as foreign language (at least two years of the same language) and the visual and performing arts (at least one year of credit).   Students who are not college-bound should be encouraged to earn elective credit in areas of potential career interest. Students can study almost any topic for elective credit.   Some options include graphic design, computer programming, digital media, typing, public speaking, debate, home economics, test prep, or drafting. In many cases, students can count work experience for elective credit. Many colleges also expect to see at least one year of physical education credit and one semester of health or first aid.

Islamic history Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Islamic history - Term Paper Example The Rise of misunderstandings between the Crusaders and the Muslim was mainly because few Muslims, even those in Andalus, had any contact with the Franks before the era of the Crusades. There was a wide spread of assumption among the Muslims, even those who are educated. According to, â€Å"the Franks through Muslim eyes† in Egger text, the Ibn Munqidh, Usama regarded them as being slow because they lived in cold climates.1 The misunderstanding arose because the Crusaders and the Muslims had different cultures A good example is in the legal process, the Franks believed in trial by combat where the accused could challenge tha accuser theough a fight. The community believed that the righteous person will be favoured by God. The theory also believed that a person can also name someone to take his place in the fight and God will favour the righteous. This theory is different as compared Muslim legal system. The Muslims had developed ruled of procedure and evidence under the sharia law. The Franks also dis not make any effort to understandIslam or learn Arabic and therefore, did not make any contribution to the cross-cultural understanding. On the other hand, the Muslim groups were divided in a countercrusade against the Franks. Individual Muslims led campains against the Franks and those who were not affected by the crusades had little interest in the conslicts. These interactions clearly shows that there are differences in the state of medicine between the crusaders and the Muslims. In the memoirs of Usamah Ibn-Munqidh, the Franks are seen to have more sophisticated medicines that could even cure scrofula and they are willing to share medicine for free.2 This is clear when a Frank prescribed this medication to Abu al-Fath. The interaction between the Franks and the Muslims also show a difference in the relationship between the sexes. The muslim, specifically Usamah

Could machines have minds ( in answering, explain what you mean by Essay

Could machines have minds ( in answering, explain what you mean by mind) - Essay Example When the computer was in its early development stages, it was thought of as an electronic, thinking device, the mechanical equivalent of the human brain. This misconception is a gross oversimplification of the seemingly limitless boundaries of the human mind. The potential of machines were thought to be able to eventually encompass â€Å"an inductive and creative mind, capable of taking initiative, to which human beings could confide all their problems and obtain instant solutions in return† (Ifrah, 1997: 1679). This misconception in the early days of the computer has carried over even to today. This discussion examines the functions of the computer brain along with the similarities and differences to the human brain in addition to the meaning of knowledge and the limitations of machines as compared to the human mind. It also delves into the complex definition of consciousness in some depth so as to illuminate the distinctions between the human mind and the ‘mind’ of the machine. Simply stated, computers are machines which effectively carry out algorithmic functions. The machine discerns formalized input through a sequence of fixed stages through a predetermined, straightforward set of rules of a standardized and exacting description. This allows computers to perform procedures in a precise number of steps. Mechanical computers, unlike the functions of the computer-like brain do not have the capability to determine right from wrong nor can they make judgments, have no feelings and cannot think on their own. It cannot be denied that some types of intelligence can be attributed to computers but this capacity is very limited when balanced against the boundless intricacies in a human’s brain. However, the computer is superior when considering its capability to process information at a higher speed. This has provided humans a useful tool for a myriad of endeavors. Nevertheless, computers cannot reason, imagine, invent, create, express

A Down-to-Earth Approach Essay Example for Free

A Down-to-Earth Approach Essay The postindustrial revolution is defined by computer technology. Since 1950, a third technological transformation has been unleashed by the development of the computer. The crucial technology of a postindustrial age concerns information. Computer technology forms the core of an Information Revolution. And, just as the Industrial Revolution did, the Information Revolution is now generating a host of new, specialized occupations. From a worker’s point of view, in the same way that the acquisition of technical skills held the key to success in the past, now workers must enhance their literacy skill as that is valued in the marketplace. The economic reality is that people unable to speak, write, or otherwise communicate effectively face declining economic opportunity. Computer technology has reduced the role of human labor in production. But to those that are able to rise to the challenge of the Information Age, however, the coming decades will bring new opportunities. The information Revolution is changing not just what people do but where they do it. The last economic revolution centralized the work force in factories, a pattern demanded by energy sources and the enormity of the new machinery. Today, however, consultants, salespeople, architects, writers, and other employees in â€Å"new cottage industries† can work virtually anywhere so long as they are equipped with computers, facsimile (fax) machines, electronic notebooks, and other new information devices that are increasingly lightweight and portable. Today’s more educated and skilled workers also no longer require-and often do not tolerate – the close supervision that marked yesterday’s factories. Further, the Postindustrial economy, a productive system based on service work and high technology is by nature an ongoing process. REFERENCE Henslin, James M. (2006). Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach, Core Concepts (2nd ED). New York: Allyn Bacon.

The Strike of 1934 :: United States History Essays

The Strike of 1934 On May 9th 1934 a organized labor strike started in San Francisco that would snowball into a city crippling strike. The International Longshoremen’s Association (ILA) declared a strike for all longshoremen on the west coast, until they received better wages, a union-administered hiring hall, and union membership as a prerequisite for employed longshoremen. The Strike of 1934 lasted for three months, stopping maritime trade in the ports of the Western United States, from San Diego to Seattle. The clash was between the Industrial Association (IA), composed of big business and employers wanting to break the strike, and the ILA, along with other unions that dealt with maritime trades. The Strike of 1934 displayed the power the organized labor had, and how the mistreatment of labor can shut down an entire city and coast. The timing was just right for the maritime workers to strike. The grips of the Great Depression fueled laborers to maintain and improve their quality of life and security for their families. Congresses investigation into the 1934 San Francisco Strike concluded that â€Å"the aspirations of labor which led to the strike were directed from the change in public opinion expressed in the National Industrial Recovery Act. The potentialities of a protected right to bargain collectively were quickly perceived by waterfront workers.†[1] The shift in public opinion came from the need for the government to be more socially responsible to insure survival of the nation during the depression. The depression was as devastating as it was due to the lack of government involvement, a welfare state was needed. According to the Congressional investigation, â€Å"The first notice that forceful demands would be made by the longshoremen appeared in December [1933] when the local voted on the question of participating in a coast-wide strike. Lee J. Holman, then president of the local, stated the longshoremen would demand a 6-day, 30-hour week at a minimum rate of $1 per hour.†[2] Such demands were modest when considering the necessity of waterfront workers to a maritime based economy. This was at a time when the Bay and Golden Gate bridges were still under construction. Before the bridges, overland travel in the San Francisco Bay Area was longer, slower, and couldn’t carry as heavy loads as sailing across the bay.

Rocket Boys Memoir Passage Analysis

Rocket Boys Throughout the memoir about his youth, Homer Hickam in Rocket Boys demonstrates excellence in prose. Hickam, a former aerospace engineer from NASA, credibly and masterfully crafts his memoir so as to bring the reader into his mindset. His insightful descriptions of action enable the reader to experience the moment firsthand with him through their imagination. He carefully selects his words in order to create an image in the mind of the reader through his deliberate syntax, powerful diction, literary devices, and imagery. The following passage is an example of his powerful prose: Sherman wanted to light the fuse, but I worried whether he could get away from it fast enough. ‘Don’t you worry about me,’ he said with such intensity that I instantly gave in. In a lot of ways, Sherman was the least handicapped person I’d known. He lit the fuse and ran back to a rock. Flames burst from Auk II. It sat for a moment spewing smoke and sparks and rocking on its fins. Then it jumped ten feet into the air, turned and zipped into the woods behind us, ricocheted off an oak tree, rebounded back to the slack, twisted around once, twanged into the boulder Quentin and I were hiding behind, jerked twenty feet into the air, coughed once, and dropped like a dead bird. (Hickam 91) This passage is excellent because it displays literary excellence while also revealing a moment of self awareness in Hickam’s thoughts. There are two key portions to this quotation. The first is the momentary reflection that Hickam had concerning his friend, and the second being the description of Auk II’s flight. In the first half of the passage Hickam displays a moment of self awareness. Sherman Siers, a member of Hickam’s BCMA, had a left leg that had been damaged due to polio. Hickam states that at first he worried that Sherman that Sherman might not be able to retreat quickly enough after lighting the fuse to Auk II, but he gave in due to the confidence and zeal that Sherman possessed. In retrospect he writes â€Å"In a lot of ways, Sherman was the least handicapped person I’d known. † (91) Here Hickam realizes that what many people label as handicaps may be in fact the opposite. Sherman’s handicap caused him to rise to the challenge and in doing so he gained a confidence that empowered him through other challenges that everyone in life may face; to Sherman handicaps were merely a state of mind. The second half of the portion, which describes the flight of the rocket, is teeming with literary goodies; the first of which being the syntax of the sentences. The first of the goodies is the sentence syntax. In the sentences leading up to the rockets takeoff, you can see the sentence lengths are short and excited. Then it changes when it reaches the sentence: â€Å"It sat for a moment spewing smoke and sparks and rocking on its fins† (91). Just as the rocket is delayed sitting for a moment on the ground, the sentence length increases from that of the past sentences to show the delay through syntax. The final sentence is lengthy and jumbled with verbs all throughout it. The constant usage of verbs each following the other gives a very staccato rhythm making the sentence very quick paced and full of action. This final sentence has a whopping total of ten verbs that show the actions and path of the rocket. By looking at the structure of the sentence, one can almost see the rocket flying all over the place jerking this way and that and finally hitting the ground with a thud at the period. Other goodies in the later portion of the passage include the strong choice in diction and literary devices he employs. Hickam superior choice in diction is evident in the final two sentences. Hickam carefully chose each word according to its sound and meaning. He did not try to sophisticate his word choices to make himself seem intelligent. Instead he searched carefully for words that though simple to understand, create just the description for the rocket’s action. Some of the words like â€Å"twanged† (91) and â€Å"zipped† (91) are even examples of onomatopoeia; that is the words sound like what they mean. At the end of the final sentence Homer employs the simile â€Å"dropped like a dead bird† (91). This simile has a dual purpose as both a simile and a pun. This sentence brings an abrupt end to the crazy flight path of the rocket and creates a visual of the rocket plummeting to ground in the minds of the readers, yet at the same time it is a play on words. A pun is the usage of a word which has two meanings to invoke humor. In this case the word which has two meanings is the word â€Å"bird† (91). The name of the rocket, the Auk II, is an allusion to the Great Auk which is an extinct, flightless seabird. When Hickam used the phrase â€Å"dropped like a dead bird† (91), he meant to show the rocket’s rapid descent while also humorously referring back to the origin of he rocket’s name. The last sentence from the passage is an excellent example of imagery. Instead of merely telling the readers about the rocket’s launch, Hickam shows the rocket’s launch to his readers. Using phrases like â€Å"twanged into the boulder† (91) and â€Å"jerked twenty feet into the air† (91), Hickam invokes the senses of seeing and hearing to bring the reader firsthand into the action. Overall I really enjoyed reading Rocket Boys. The passages really brought me into Hickam’s mindset and I was able to see the world from his point of view. The frequent literary devices entertained my mind, while my imagination was absorbed in the imagery in the book. I was inspired by Sonny’s determination to succeed and make something of himself. I did not find any truly weak parts of this memoir as I personally was absorbed in every moment in it. However I can understand if some people were to find it dull or boring at times due to lack of action. Unfortunately many readers today read only for action and violence, so due to a general lack of these in Rocket Boys, many people might find it unentertaining. I would only recommend this to a person who reads to be inspired and not merely to be entertained. Personally I found myself captivated by the book’s imagery and unknowingly I found myself on a mission to find every little literary device possible. Throughout my reading I always viewed the book positively and eagerly read ahead to find out what would happen next. Rocket Boys is an excellent book that I found to be truly inspirational and has positively impacted on my view on my own life. Now I truly believe that if I work hard enough, I can achieve just about anything.

Programm

Programming exercises 1. Consider the following incomplete C++ program #include int main() { †¦. } a. Write a statement that include the header files fstream, string, and iomanip in this program. b. Write statements that declare inFile to be an ifstream variable and outFile to be an ofstream variable. c. The program will read data from the file inData. txt and write output to the file outData. txt. Write statements to open both of these files, associate inFile with inData. txt, and associate outFile with outData. txt. . Suppose that the file inData. txt contains the following data: 10. 20 5. 35 15. 6 Randy Gill 31 18500 3. 5 A The numbers in the first line represent the length and width, respectively, of a rectangle. The number in the second line represents the radius of a circle. The third line contains the first name, last name, and the age of a person. The first number in the fourth line is the savings account balance at the beginning of the month, and the second number is th e interest rate per year. (Assume thatp = 3. 1416. The fifth line contains an uppercase letter between A and Y (inclusive). Write statements so that after the program executes, the contents of the file outData. txt are as shown below. If necessary, declare additional variables. Your statements should be general enough so that if the content of the input file changes and the program is run again(without editing and recompiling), it outputs the appropriate results. Rectangle: Length = 10. 20, width = 5. 35, area = 54. 57, parameter = 31. 10 Circle: Radius = 15. 60, area = 764. 4, circumference = 98. 02 Name: Randy Gill, age: 31 Beginning balance = $18500. 00, interest rate = 3. 50 Balance at the end of the month = $18553. 96 The character that comes after A in the ASCII set is B e. Write statements that close the input and output files. f. Write a C++ program that tests the statements in parts a through e. 4. During each summer, John and Jessica grow vegetables in their back yard and buy seeds and fertilizer from a local nursery. The nursery carries different types of vegetable fertilizers in various bag sizes. When buying a particular fertilizer, they want to know the price of the fertilizer per pound and the cost of fertilizing per square foot. The following program prompts the user to enter the size of the fertilizer bag, in pounds, the cost of bag, and the area in square feet, that can be covered by the bag. The program should output the desired result. However, the program contains logical errors. Find and correct the logic errors so that the program works properly. // Logic Errors #include #include iomanip> using namespace std; int main() { double cost; double area; Double bagSize cout

Interpretations of The Road by Cormac McCarthy essays

Interpretations of The Road by Cormac McCarthy essays Cormac McCarthy, author of "The Road," was raised Roman Catholic and attended Catholic High School in Knoxville, Tennessee. He then went to the University of Tennessee in 1951-52 where he majored in liberal arts. McCarthy joined the U.S. Air Force in 1953 where he served four years, spending two of them in Alaska, where he hosted a radio show. He has written ten novels of various genres; Southern Gothic, Western, and Post-Apocalyptic. In 2006, Alfred A. Knopf published "The Road," which won the Pulitzer Prize for literature. McCarthy was granted an interview with Oprah Winfrey, who had chosen "The Road" for her Book Club. Not only did it win a Pulitzer Prize, but it also won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction. McCarthy was truly one of America's great writers! "The Road" opens after an apocalyptic event. The first few pages of the novel situate us in the landscape of ash and isolation. The boy and the man are the main characters and McCarthy never discloses their given names. The boy and the man suffering from exposure to cold temperatures and lack of food. They encounter many dangers on the road as they travel south. As they move inland to a pine forest, they come to a point where the man can't go any further. Feeling exhausted and worn out, he lies down beside the road and dies. Before he passes away, he speaks words of encouragement and love to his son. The reader never knows for sure if it's the trauma of the arrow that pierced his leg or his respiratory illness that led to his demise. Much of the book leads up to this event, and the man's interactions with the boy can be seen as an attempt to prepare the boy to live in the world on his own. Luckily, after his father's death, he encounters a family on the road and is welcomed to tra vel along with them. The book seems just to stop there, leaving it to the reader's imagination to find out what is next. Critics love the brain twister ending of the book, and I agree ...

How to Reveal Invisible Ink Messages

How to Reveal Invisible Ink Messages Most invisible ink messages can be revealed by heating the paper on which they are written. The ink weakens the fibers in the paper so the message discolors (burns) before the rest of the paper. The real secret, aside from the message, is how to reveal it without setting your paper on fire. Tip: Dont use a lighter, match, or open fire to reveal your invisible ink message. You can lay the paper over an incandescent light bulb with fairly good results, but it is hard to tell if your paper is hot enough, so you may not know whether your paper is blank or whether you just cant see the message. There Are Other Methods That Work Better You can iron your paper (dont use steam). This is probably the best method, but you may not have an iron or else have no idea where you put it. A hot iron for your hair also works. Another simple method is to wave the paper over a hot stove. If you have a secret invisible ink message, youll start to see some distortion of the paper as it gets hot. If you continue heating the paper, the message will darken to a gold or brown color. If you use a stove, its still possible to ignite your message, but it is a lot less likely than if you used fire. You Can Use Almost Anything to Write an Invisible Ink Message Try using a broken toothpick as a pen and saliva or lemon juice as ink. You can even use plain water to write the message... the message wont darken, but when you first heat the paper the fibers that were moved when the paper absorbed the water will bulge out a bit. Try it!

Changes in Technology and Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Changes in Technology and Criminal Law - Essay Example Nonetheless, custom software is elusive and not taxable. Different stats have developed specific laws that deal with the taxability of computer software transactions. There is so much attention to the changes Information Technology has brought to the criminal law practice. The domination of computers and the internet as well as the development of related electronics is changing and is expected to go on changing and due to this, other aspects of daily life are also affected and changing and particularly the practice of law. Information technology is a very tough, radical force that is pushing for changes in many areas of economy and these changes are paramount. Computers have come with development of a lot of things ranging from flow of information, gadgetry, crime and general sociability of people. The law has nor been spared by these changes and some aspect have seen drastic changes while others have remained relatively constant due to conservative of technology. Several aspects of law that have been affected include patent law, commercial law, and even tax laws. Patent law has not experienced a lot of changes. The US has explained in detail the way patents should be dealt with as well as computers from which these change in criminal law emerged (Noortwijk 2006). The Supreme Court is responsible for this. Copyright law is the most affected aspect of criminal law that draws these changes from the computer technology. The congress created a regulation that was supposed to take care of this issue (national commission on new technological uses of copyrighted works). Reproducing content or designing a program that is similar to another one wi thout the consent of the original creator is illegal yet with advancement in technology, this is very common. There are rules in place that address pre-computer copyright and formation of new laws in connection to computers. In terms of privacy, the law is very clear that selling or intentional exposure of people's personal infringes their privacy and hence it's illegal. Storage of large files of individual information on computers database is very risky. Government files are also a risk to privacy (Noortwijk 2006). There is federal statute on privacy in place. It's evident that the widespread changes in the practice of criminal law are as a result of technology and in particular, the advent of the computer. Most state laws and federal governments' regulation have passed laws that are aimed at curbing computer crimes. On the other hand computers have been very beneficial in the criminal investigations. The use of computer is thought to have refined the federal regulation of evidences as these rules are basically interpreted, assessed, and analyzed with regard to computer technolog

Tuberous Sclerosis A Rare Disease Research Proposal

Tuberous Sclerosis A Rare Disease - Research Proposal Example Definition of Tuberous Sclerosis Tuberous Sclerosis is one of the genetic and rare disorders being closely monitored and evaluated by the Office of Rare Diseases Research (ORDR) under the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (ORDR, 2009). It was thereby defined as â€Å"a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous noncancerous (benign) tumors in many parts of the body† (ORDR, 2009, par. 1). The definition provided by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokes (NINDS) more comprehensively identified the affected parts of the body, to wit: â€Å"Tuberous sclerosis--also called tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) - is a rare, multi-system genetic disease that causes benign tumors to grow in the brain and on other vital organs such as the kidneys, heart, eyes, lungs, and skin. It usually affects the central nervous system and results in a combination of symptoms including seizures, developmental delay, behavioral problems, skin abnorma lities, and kidney disease† (NINDS, 2012, par. 1). Both definitions classify this disorder as genetic and manifested through multiple growths of specifically identified tumors in different parts of the body. Causes Since the disease is classified under genetic and rare disorder, its cause is thereby traced through inheritance (PubHealth Med, 2010). As disclosed, â€Å"changes (mutations) in two genes, TSC1 and TSC2, are responsible for most cases of the condition. Only one parent needs to pass on the mutation for the child to get the disease. However, most cases are due to new mutations, so there usually is no family history of tuberous sclerosis† (PubHealth Med, 2010, pars. 2 & 3). This means that although most cases have identified the cause to be directly handed to the sibling from even one parent, there have been cases where both parents did not carry a defective gene but new mutations were manifested. Known through a process called â€Å"gonadal mosaicism. These p atients have parents with no apparent defects in the two genes that cause the disorder. Yet these parents can have a child with TSC because a portion of one of the parent's reproductive cells (sperm or eggs) can contain the genetic mutation without the other cells of the body being involved† (NINDS, 2012, par. 8). Symptoms The symptoms for this illness were categorized into three: skin symptoms, brain symptoms,and other symptoms, and are hereby detailed as follows: (1) skin symptoms include: areas of the skin that are white (due to decreased pigment) and have either an ash leaf or confetti appearance; red patches on the face containing many blood vessels (adenoma sebaceum); and raised patches of skin with an orange-peel texture (shagreen spots), often on the back; (2) brain symptoms include: developmental delays, mental retardation, seizures; and (3) other symptoms include: pitted tooth enamel, rough growths under or around the fingernails and toenails, rubbery noncancerous tu mors on or around the tongue (PubHealth Med, 2010). Genetic Make-Up The explanation provided by Howell (n.d.) on the genetic analysis of this illness clearly and explicitly illustrated the mutation in one of two identified genes, the â€Å"TSC1 gene is located on chromosome 9q34 and the TSC2 gene on chromosome 16p13† (Howell: Gene Analysis, n.d, par. 1). The illustrations are hereby presented as

Finance Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Finance Industry - Essay Example At present, debt factoring and debt subordination are the preferred means for companies to finance their needs for additional working capital. The financial flexibility provided by these two alternatives does not require the company management to relinquish any portion of their control or equity. They simply come with costs that then form part of the company's financing-related expenses. Many companies have huge accounts receivables in their balance sheets, relative to their other asset items. These accounts receivables can be of much better use to the company if they can be converted to cash sooner than their dates of collectability. Their conversion to cash through debt factoring should enable the company to do more business transactions and to produce higher income figures. (ABFA, 2009) Debt factoring is a three-party transaction that is consummated when a factor buys a company's accounts receivables, generally without recourse. Hence, the factor shoulders any losses resulting from the debtors' inability to pay. These debtors, by virtue of the factoring transaction, will be liable to pay the factor - not the original company creditor - the amounts due from them. (Brigham & Houston, 1998, p. 691) The factor does all three things: ensure the collection of the company's receivables, shoulder the losses resulting from bad debts and provide financing for the company through the purchase of its receivables. (Brealey, Myers & Marcus, 1995,p. 506) Meanwhile, debt subordination involves giving a specific creditor the last ranking in terms of claims on the debtor company's assets and income. Thus, subordinated debenture bonds - or uncollateralized debts - are issues that entitle owners to payments that are secured by what is left of the company after its secured debts, debenture bonds and other general liabilities have been settled. (Fabozzi, 2000, p. 86) Both debt factoring and debt subordination are available to companies with good credit records. Both can be handy tools for raising money to beef up the company's working capital, to take advantage of opportunities that require cash, to fund the company's acquisition of new plant equipments, to finance an expansion phase or to accomplish similar ventures. The Costs of Debt Factoring and Debt Subordination Factoring, then, helps to improve a company's cash flow. It also significantly reduces the expenses a company ordinarily incurs in doing preliminary credit investigation on each customer applying for a credit line and in ensuring the actual collection of their accounts receivable. In return for these benefits, debt factoring as an alternative comes with two costs that would have to be paid by the company: the interest and the fees. The interests charged amount to 1.50 to 3.00 percent over the prevailing base rate. Then fees in the scale of 0.75 to 2.50 percent of turnover are as well collected. (The UK Insolvency Helpline, 2009) Issuing subordinated debts, meanwhile, entail paying the service fees of investment companies and rating agencies and the interest rates attached to the debt instruments which may range from 10.00 to 15.00 percent. Related expenses are further incurred in the presentation, road-show and similar marketing activities that are all orchestrated to sell the company's subordinated debt instruments. Preparation

Bio Mechanical Analysis Of Throwing Techniques

Bio Mechanical Analysis Of Throwing Techniques The game of cricket is believed to have been played in organized form hundreds of years ago. Cricket was introduced to North America via the English colonies in the 17th century (Bowen., 1970), probably before it had even reached the north of England. In the 18th century it arrived in other parts of the globe. It was introduced to the West Indies by colonists (Bowen., 1970), and to India by British East India Company mariners in the first half of the century (Altham.1962). It arrived in Australia almost as soon as colonization began in 1788. New Zealand and South Africa followed in the early years of the 19th century (Altham., 1962). The origins of cricket are very vague, and many theories have been put forward suggesting its origins. The pupils of Royal Grammar School, Guildford, recorded the first evidence of cricket being played in the year 1550. In the year 1611 it is reported that two young men from Sussex were punished for playing cricket instead of going to the church. The first match is recorded to have been played at Coxheath in Kent in the year 1646 (Altham., 1962). Extensive studies and research have been conducted to trace its history and they have come out with different versions (Altham., 1962).The modern version of the game originated in England and remains popular in present and former members of the English Commonwealth. In South Asian countries including India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka cricket is the most popular and scientific sport. Bowling, batting and fielding are three key skills in cricket; much of the biomechanical research into this sport has focused on bowling and batting (Bartlett et al., 1996).The one of the most third skill that of fielding incorporates both a pick-up and throwing phase, highlighting the importance of the throwing skill in cricket. Throwing technique in general used by the elite cricket players are, comparable over arm, side arm, and under arm throwing techniques, has been widely studied in other sports, including track and field (Best et al., 1993, Maeda., 2008), and baseball (Escamilla et al., 1998, Dun et al., 2008).Only one study has been reported in calculating biomechanical parameters in that Cricket ball throwing (Cook, and Strike., 2000). Throwing is a fundamental movement skill that forms the cornerstone of many games (Elliott and Anderson., 1990); the development of this skill could be paramount for some athletes. Every movement in a throwing motion counts, even the breathing. There are different types of throws that a thrower must be able to throw accurately. There are numerous aspects of throwing making it a complex skill to master, such as ball velocity, ball movement, arm velocity, and arm movement. However these aspects have little effect if the thrower cannot place their throws precisely, that is to say, throw strikes. Even though throwing accuracy can be increased by improving technique and practicing muscle memory (Simons et al., 2009), coaches are constantly seeking other means. cricket, as are many sports, is mentally challenging. For throwing to be successful, they must be mentally and mechanically strong. This has led to many different methodologies being used to analyze the biomechanics of the Biomechanical analysis of throwing techniques. Different temporal, kinematic, and kinetic parameters are selected based upon their necessity for each individual study. Also a variety of methods are being used to collect the motion data including varying numbers and locations for 2D and 3D motion analysis research. In the last several decades, sports biomechanics has demonstrated considerable growth evolving from an exercise to the filming of human movement to an applied science with the powerful array of measurement and modeling sports techniques. The descriptive approach has superseded by attempt to explain the mechanics and has emerged as an important area of scientific investigation in variety of disciplines ranging from classical mechanics to the life sciences, includes: theoretical mechanics, anatomy, anthropometry, neuromuscular physiology, kinesiology, biomechanical engineering, ergonomics, exercise science, orthopedic surgery, physical rehabilitation and corrective physical education. In Biomechanics extensive researches have been conducted in the interaction of arm and legs, in walking, running, throwing analyzing during the course of action of play with different approach, angles and direction under the part of the study of biomechanical engineering . The kinematic and kinetic performance analysis of biomechanical engineering permit the explanation of dynamics of human motion, researchers interested in solving specific problem in human mechanics, such as determining how a given sports skill, improved by modeling, computer simulation, optimization and other statistical approach to motion analysis the increasing involvement of technology has made some other methods and tools available for tracking and assessing motion. Numbers of laboratories around the world are now working on movement analysis. These laboratories primarily work in neurological, neuromuscular, and orthopedic disorders of locomotion. However, there are also important works being done in analyzing sports engineering and sports-related movement. Movement analysis is automatically a part of human performance assessment and analysis. Today many sports scientists use movement analysis as a tool to origin new techniques and establishment of movement, correct movement erro rs related to a variety of movements. Origin of the concept of biomechanical analysis of throwing technique was evaluated in 1968; the journal of biomechanics was first published with the broadly stated purpose of mechanical principles to the mechanical analysis of throwing technique. Analytical methods used within sports biomechanics as a part of performance and technique analysis. The concept of technique analysis as a specific sequence of movement appears to be well established in the literature, but the concept of technique analysis is still under developed. Although several descriptive and analytical goals for technique analysis can be identified, the main justification given for its used is to aid in the improvement of performance. However, the conceptual framework underpinning this process is poorly developed with a lack of distinction between technique and performance. Biomechanical analysis of throwing technique is a good way to improve the throwing technique of the cricket players. Indeed computer simulation makes possible to validate investigation on throwing movement understanding in the modern computerized system, software program, it is now possible to make sufficient calculation, statistical evaluation. The limited research into the basic mechanisms underlying specific cricket throws highlights the need for more information directly applicable to the enhancement of the performance in the games of cricket for `elite cricketer. Only (Cook, and Strike., 2000, Elliott and Anderson 1990) have tried to quantify, in two and three dimensions analysis of, the throwing technique adopted in cricket. (Elliott and Anderson 1990) the study were concerned age related differences in high performance over arm throwing technique pattern, not specifically the mature pattern of throwing in cricket. It has been shown that throwing is an important aspect of the c ricket sports and that a sound understanding of throwing technique can facilitate improvements in throwing performance in any games and sports but cricket is the game in which win or lose of the game mostly depended throwing techniques and throwing performance of the team members. There is an increasing emphasis on good fielding in cricket; it could be that three or four quality fielders are as important bowlers who have the ability to take wickets. (Fleisig et al., 1996a) contended that, although there are similarities in all overhand throws, there are quantifiable differences in the mechanics for various sports. Here, we review the literature on throwing and then analysis the three-dimensional characteristics of throwing technique of an elite cricketer, drawing comparisons with previous research. Previous study on the role of biomechanical analysis of throwing technique focused mainly on baseball, tennis, volley ball, and athletics. Not many studies have been undertaking on the role of biomechanical analysis of throwing technique in cricket or relevant throwing technique. This study related some little aspect from the study by Cohen et al. (1994) for the applicable to netball and cricket player using overhead action in performing the throw. A major different was the unavailability of sophisticated tool to perform the mechanical analysis of throwing technique or calculating the speed of the ball release toward the enhancement of the performance. Understanding of human movement is one the most and complex studies with the regarding of the mechanical aspect and thus in sports. To attain the highest level of sports performance needs immense quantity of skillful movement. The performance in any sport depends only on motor action or movement. The skill serves as basic element and indispensable for good performance. Fielding is the one of the most important skill in the game. In every sport the techniques has been changing with rules and regulation from time to time. To cope up with the changes constant understanding of the required variation call for attention. The complexity of techniques makes variation too minute to distinguishably determine the deviation without sophisticated tools. The non identification of the technique variation leads to inappropriate application and demote performances. The Indians cricket fielding performance (like, stopping the ball, catching and throwing) is showing low as the comparison with the Inter national level trend with introduction of new techniques and implementations of mechanics in sports especially in cricket. Initial researches, it appears as though the majority of the joint activity involved in throwing a cricket occurs in the upper body, specifically the shoulder, elbow and wrist joints. This impression is acquired due to that fact that most professional cricket players injuries are related to the shoulder or elbow joints. The most common musculo-tendinous injuries sustained by baseball pitchers occur within the rotator cuff region (Mullaney et al., 2005). Since throwing is such a rigorous and repetitive motion, many of these injuries or failure in the performance can be attributed to overuse or improper mechanics. The throwing motion can be broken down into several key temporal parameters based on distinct motions involved in every throws. Different studies use different temporal parameters based on the needs for the study. (Werner. Et al., 2001) broke down the throwing motion into three phases: stride foot contact to the instant of maximum shoulder external rotation (cocking phase), maximum external rotation to the instant of ball release (acceleration phase), and from ball release until 500 milliseconds after the ball has been released (follow-through phase). Many studies and books such as (Layera., 2010), (Bartlett., 1997) and (Adrian., 1995) base their justifications for a good technique on the kinematic chain (occurrence of peak segment velocities from proximal to distal), starting with hip velocity and ending with wrist velocity. This investigation aims to confirm research done by the likes of Campbell et al (2010) and Chu et al (2009) that there are important aspects of the throwing action that occur below the waist, and also in the trunk. It should be noted that this study is not aimed in disagreement with the importance of the kinematic chain Bartlett.,(2007) and Hamill., (2003), but rather in agreement with the idea that the lower body forms a fundamental part of the throwing action and should therefore be taught to the same level of understanding as the function of the upper body. This will be achieved through the use of a case study using a skilled and less skilled performer, and comparing various lower body kinematic parameters . Unless the specific study is looking at the kinematic and kinetic effects of different throws, the subjects being analyzed will throw fastballs at the desired target. This makes for more uniform sampling as well as easier data comparison among subjects because every player throws a fastball in a similar manner to achieve a high velocity and accuracy. It is rare to find testing or data collection performed during game situations. If this is the method chosen for data acquisition however, anatomical landmarks must be manually digitized and camera angles must be accommodating to the cricket fields facilities and grounds. Most studies are performed in a lab with multiple-high speed cameras at various angles to capture all of the reflective markers located on the body to calculate various kinematic and kinetic parameters. Analysis of throwing technique has been the basis for many studies across a range of sports; these have served to identify important variables and characteristics of throwing performance to facilitate analysis and understanding, many researchers have divided the throwing action into specific phases, each with its own biomechanical function (Elliott and Anderson, 1990). Although the throw can be divided into specific phases, this does not infer a discontinuous action but serves only to aid subsequent analysis (Elliott and Anderson., 1990). Subdivision of the throwing technique has enabled important variables of performance to be identified within each phase, in addition to an overview of technique in which the whole body can be seen to work in a coordinated fashion to achieve its goal. The main aim of the study biomechanical analysis of throwing techniques in cricket was to asses, the role of mechanical factor that may affect effective throwing in cricket. In this study the effect of selected biomechanical analysis of throwing techniques in the different angle of approach at different direction and distance, with maximum velocity and accuracy was investigated. There are considerable numbers of different joint involved in throwing, but the purpose of the study the focus was on upper extremities and more specifically shoulder complex. The biomechanical analysis of throwing technique is the answer to full fill existential vacuum, refinement and stabilization of the game and sports in growing competitive sporting world to the changing demand. At the international level of competition a minute variation may result in win or lose. Every nation is backing their sports person with biomechanical researches to accomplish the need. However there have been fewer researches in the field of cricket ball throwing technique at inter-national level specially relevance of throwing mechanism. (Freston et al., 2007), has studied the factor involved/associated with throwing velocity and accuracy in elite/ sub elite cricket players. (Sachlikidis and Salter., 2007), found that non dominant arm throws had significantly lower maximum lead knee lift, had significantly less elbow flexion before extension, had significantly less shoulder external rotation at the start of the arm acceleration phase. (Cook and Strike., 2007), found the great er elbow flexion at lead foot contact and less external rotation during the preparation phase.(Bartlet., 2001), cited that the practical value of performance analysis was that well-chosen performance indicators highlight good and bad technique or performance. More emphasis has been given in biomechanical analysis of throwing technique in bowling throws in cricket at international level. Other developing countries have made their changes according to demand and thus superseded Indian performance. Indian cricket player need support from our researchers to identify variation and variables to steer their performance to those golden days of dominating world cricket. The mechanical factor of throwing involves ballistic movement of one segment. The imparting force must overcome the inertia of an object. But, in general, throwing is a sequential action of chain of body segments, leading to high velocity motion of external objects. It thus results in the production of a summated velocity at the end of the chain of segment used and the path of the external object motion in accordance to the demand of situation and position, throwing technique in general used by the elite cricket Fielders are, underarm throw, side arm throw, and overhead throw India has not even set to its initial in the biomechanical researches in any field. In India no such research have been undertaking till date in biomechanics. In the computer era, the motion analyses software and programming made biomechanical research specially in kinematics possible to read the athletes motion .The throwing skills in cricket have received very less biomechanical research attention than any other. Throwing is a complex motor movement and therefore generally follows different predictable stages. The theoretical concept have conclusively defines that elite sportsmen of skilled levels and within skill levels exhibits to have mechanical variability. Thus the present research has been taken to find out various throwing techniques in relation to medicinal aspect of high skilled cricket players. BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS: A biomechanical analysis evaluates the motion of a living organism and the effect of forces on the living organism. The biomechanical approach to movement analysis can be qualitative, with movement observed and described, meaning that some aspect of the movement measured. The use of the term biomechanics in this text incorporates qualitative components with a more specific quantitative approach. In such an approach, the motion characteristics of a human or an object are described using such parameters as speed and direction, how the motion is created through application of forces both inside and outside the body, and the optimal body positions and actions for efficient, effective motion. The biomechanical analysis of different event can help to understand the critical point of technical performance thus helping coaches and athletes in their preparation. One area of major concentration over the past few years is that of biomechanical analysis. Human motion analysis is frequently used today for both clinical and research application the art and science of motion analysis has expanded beyond basic descriptions of ambulatory patterns to include front line clinical roles in rehabilitation, surgery, prosthetics, orthotics, Ergonomics and Athletics. A biomechanical analysis conducted from either of two perspectives. The first, kinematics and second kinetics. Kinematics is concerned with motion characteristics and examines motion from a spatial and temporal perspective without reference to the forces causing the motion. A kinematic analysis involves the description of movement to determine how fast an object is moving, how high it goes, or how far it travels. Thus, position, velocity, and acceleration are the components of interest in a kinematic analysis. By examining an angular or linear movement kinematically, one can identify segments of a movement that require improvement, obtain ideas and technique enhancements from elite performers, or break a skill down into identifiable parts. By each of these, further understanding of human movement. Pushing on a table may or may not move the table, depending upon the direction and strength of the push. A push or pull between two objects that may or may not result in motion is termed a force. Kinetics is the area of study that examines the forces acting on a system, such as the human body, or any object. A kinetic movement analysis attempts to define the forces causing a movement. A kinetic movement analysis is more difficult than a kinematic analysis both to comprehend and to evaluate, by a significant amount if the weight of the body lifted and the speed of the bar were not considered. The forces produced during human movement are very important, since they are responsible for creating all of our movements and for maintaining positions or postures having no movement. The assessment of these forces represents the greatest technical challenge in this field, since it requires sophisticated equipment and significant expertise. Thus, for the novice movement analyst, concepts relating to maximizing or minimizing force production in the body will be more important than evaluating the actual forces themselves. A kinetic analysis can provide the teacher, therapist, coach, or res earcher with valuable information about how the movement produced or how a position maintained. This information can direct conditioning and training for a sport or movement. For example, kinetic analyses performed by researchers have identified weak and strong positions in various joint movements. Thus, one know that the weakest position for starting an arm curl is with the weights hanging down and the forearm straight. If the same exercise started with the elbow slightly bent, more weight can lifted. Kinetics also identifies the important parts of a skill in terms of movement production. Examinations of both the kinematic and kinetic components are essential to full understanding of all aspects of a movement. It is also important to study the kinematic and kinetic relationships, since any acceleration of a limb, of an object, or of the human body is a result of a force applied at some point, at a particular time, of a given magnitude, and for a particular duration. While it is of some use merely to describe the motion characteristics kinematically. KINEMATICS: Kinematics is a branch of classical mechanics which describes the motion of objects without consideration of the causes leading to the motion. The other branch is dynamics, which studies the relationship between the motion of objects and its causes. Kinematics is not to be confused with kinetics, and to dynamics as used in modern day physics; this term is no longer in active use. Kinematics is the branch of biomechanics concerned with the study of movement with reference to the amount of time taken to carry out the activity. Kinematics is the branch of biomechanics concerned with describing the motion of bodies, thus kinematics deal with such things as how far a body moves, how fast it moves and how consistently it moves. It is not concerned at all with the cause of motion of the body. In other words we can say The kinematics is that branch of biomechanics, which concerned with description of the movement of segment of the body without regard to the forces and cause due to the movement occurred. KINEMATICS ANALYSIS: We are concerned with the relation and conclusion of different kinematics variables. In the cricket ball throw with the different technique of the cricket player, body movement like the movement of upper extremities (upper arm, forearm, hand) and ball how much upper arm moves, how much forearm moves, how much hand moves, from initial point and how accurate ball moves. ANGULAR KINEMATICS: Rotational or angular kinematics is the description of the rotation of an object. The description of rotation requires some method for describing orientation, for example, the Euler angles. In what follows, attention is restricted to simple rotation about an axis of fixed orientation. The z-axis has been chosen for convenience. Description of rotation then involves these three quantities: Angular position: The oriented distance from a selected origin on the rotational axis to a point of an object is a vector r ( t ) locating the point. The vector r ( t ) has some projection (or, equivalently, some component) r ( t ) on a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Then the angular position of that point is the angle ÃŽÂ ¸ from a reference axis (typically the positive x-axis) to the vector r ( t ) in a known rotation sense (typically given by the right-hand rule). Angular velocity: The angular velocity à Ã¢â‚¬ ° is the rate at which the angular position ÃŽÂ ¸ changes with respect to time t. ANGULAR SPEED AND VELOCITY: Angular speed = angular displacement à · time Angular velocity = angular displacement à · time QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS: The qualitative analysis system includes the development of a theoretical model as a basis for identifying faults judging their relative importance. In the qualitative analysis, the performance is evaluated subjectively based on direct, visual observation and this method is widely used, as it is less expensive. To conduct qualitative analysis, requires some prior knowledge of the sports or activity concerned, in particular if the motor skill to be analyze. A qualitative analysis includes visual and photographic observations, which usually result in a description or a judgment of the good and the weak points of a given performance. Visual analysis has the obvious advantage of not requiring expensive equipment but suffers from limited accuracy and most effectively practiced by an expert coach with an experienced eye. Without instant replay, the teacher must depend upon the senses to be able to quickly see what took place. With the luxury of film or videotape and the time to view repeatedly a single performance, the chances for correctly diagnosing an error enhanced. The filming process itself is very critical, and most ordinary game films are not of much use in analyzing of an individual, because of the probability of poor camera angle, background, or light. The time and expense needed to photograph individual performers and then to study the film for perhaps several hours is usually justified. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS: In quantitative analysis, technique evaluated objectively based on measurements taken from recording (e.g. film, videotape, force-time curves) of the movement. At any level of quantitative analysis, there is a need for interaction between the coach and biomechanist if maximum performance is to be achieved. Quantitative evaluation of movement requires that a permanent record be collected for a number of trials so that each can be viewed and analysed. Recording of permanent data on movement may take a number of different forms, for example cinematography, electromyography (EMG), accelerometry, dynamometry or electrogoniometry. While some of these techniques may not be available for general use, a more informed reading of the scientific biomechanics literature can only occur if it understands how objective data are derived. In quantitative analysis system, the performance is first recorded technique and then it is evaluated objectively. This method is used only for research purposes and is quite expensive. It involves the measurement and recoding of hard data about movement, gait analysis (walking, running Parkinson Ian gait), sequential analysis in kicking and throwing, postural characteristics in relation to performance, and it goes well beyond qualitative analysis because of its emphasis aim to identify the mechanical principals that effect motion and movement patterns, and employ the physical principles of the human body facilitate improvements in performance. Image analysis techniques, including both movie photography and videography, provide the opportunity to capture complex movement sequences on film or videotape so that a detailed analysis can be performed. However, an understanding of sampling frequency relative to photography or videography is needed prior to discussing different image analysis techniques, as both are sampling processes that record information at discrete points in time during a continuous motion. The sampling rate needed for an accurate representation of movement must be at least twice the value of the highest frequency component contained in the movement, although many researchers believe sampling rates of 5 to 10 times the maximum frequency component are necessary. Excessive sampling either increases the cost when using high-speed photography or limits the choice of cameras when using high-speed videography. Under-sampling will cause vital movement characteristics to be missed, or distortions to arise. At the sub jective level of analysis, film or video techniques may be use to record movement and allow general comments to be made on the observed characteristics. At an objective level it is not sufficient to just record and observe movement, as detailed measurements must be completed and inferences drawn with reference to the movement. Specific equipment and procedures must be use if accurate objective data are to be collected using image analysis techniques. Movie Photography: In high speed cinematography a motor-driven camera capable of providing frame rates up to approximately 500 Hz (c.s-1) and exposure times up to approximately 1/10 000 s is needed to accommodate movement and sport skills of differing speeds. In a golf drive for example, the ability to clearly record the impact of the ball and Club head would require an exposure time of approximately 1/3600 s and a frame rate of 400 Hz. The 400 Hz frame rate ensures that the moment of impact captured on film, while the exposure time guarantees that no blurring of the image occurs. For an analysis of jogging, an exposure time of 1/800 s would provide a clear image of the leg, while a frame rate of 100 Hz is sufficient to sample leg movement at the required frequency. The collection of data from film for analytical purposes (digitizing) is the most time- consuming and tedious aspect of cinematographic research. A stop-action projector is needed to control film movement so that an operator can move an X-Y coordinate system until a pointer, pen, light or cross-hairs lie over the desired anatomical landmark to be digitized. The co-ordinates of this point are then stored on a computer. In order for the anatomical landmark to be located, it must be clearly marked on the subject being filmed, so that an accurate identification of the segment end point or joint centre is possible These co-ordinate data are then smoothed prior to being mathematically manipulated in the calculation of kinematic and kinetic data. Information additional to the co-ordinates of the selected landmarks is required. A large sweep-hand clock may be included in the photographic field to establish the actual frame rate of the camera. Alternatively, internal camera lights which flash at a set rate may be used to mark the film and allow film speed calculation. Aspatial scale, such as a large metre rule, must also be filmed in the plane of action to convert film scale measures to real values. This type of scientific analysis may be done on any of several levels, ranging from research that has immediate applicability to sports, scientist in the lab are aided by interesting and very technical measuring and recording devices, including high-speed cameras, motion analyzers, force platform and computers. Two Dimensional Analysis: This type of analysis commonly uses one camera and fewer markers on the subject than in more complex 3-D analysis. Although it has limitations, it was the first method used by sport researchers and biomechanists, and is still used today by many research labs that utilize motion analysis, and is easily adapted for student research. Video Analysis: Once film or video is recorded it must be analyzed. This usually entails digitizing points off of a film or video using a special machine, or even using tracing paper overlaid on a monitor. Video can be captured by a computer and relevant points digitized directly using image analysis programs such as NIH Image and Measurement in Motion. In the motion analysis activity included here, QuickTime movies are used to digitize points that make up an angle between the leg, ankle and foot. This angle lets one analyze the effect shoes have on pronation and supination.